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chlamydia transmission As a result of concerns about antibiotic resistance, doctors in the United States are increasingly prescribing newer, more costly and more powerful antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, one of the most common illnesses in women.
New research at Oregon State University suggests that the more powerful medications are used more frequently than necessary, and they recommend that doctors and patients discuss the issues involved with antibiotic therapy - and only use the stronger drugs if really neeeded.
Urinary tract infections are some of the most commonly treated infections in outpatient settings, with cystitis being the most common type. Cystitis is usually caused by E. coli bacteria that reside in the gut without causing problems, but sometimes they can cause infection.
The OSU research reports that between 1998 and 2009, about 2 percent of all doctor's office visits by adult women were for this problem, and antibiotics were prescribed 71 percent of the time.
The problem, experts say, is that overuse of the most powerful drugs, especially quinolone antibiotics, speeds the development of bacterial resistance to these drugs. Antibiotic resistance is a natural evolutionary process by which microbes adapt to the selective pressure of medications. Some survive, and pass on their resistant traits.
These issues have gained global prominence with the dangerous and life-threatening MRSA bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but experts say resistance is a similar concern in many other bacteria.
"Many people have heard about the issues with MRSA and antibiotic resistance, but they don't realize that some of our much more common and frequent infections raise the same concerns," said Jessina McGregor, an OSU assistant professor of pharmacy and expert in development of drug resistance.
Since older, inexpensive and more targeted drugs can work for treating urinary tract infections, they should be considered before the more powerful ones, she said.
"This problem is getting worse, and it's important that we not use the new and stronger drugs unless they are really needed," McGregor said. "That's in everyone's best interests, both the patient and the community. So people should talk with their doctor about risks and benefits of different treatment options to find the antibiotic best suited for them, even if it is one of the older drugs."
McGregor recently presented data at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, which showed that prescriptions for quinolones rose 10 percent in recent years, while other drugs that may be equally effective in treating cystitis remained unchanged.
"Because of higher levels of antibiotic resistance to older drugs in some regions, some doctors are now starting with what should be their second choice of antibiotic, not the first," McGregor said. "We need to conserve the effectiveness of all these anti-infective medications as best we can."
Researchers at OSU are developing tools to help physicians select the most appropriate antibiotic for each individual. Additional information such as detailed history of past medication use, knowledge of local community levels of resistance and better doctor-patient communication can help.
"Cystitis is incredibly common, but that's part of the reason this is a concern," McGregor said. "It's one of the most common reasons that many women see a doctor and are prescribed an antibiotic. And any infection can be serious if we don't have medications that can help stop it, which is why we need to preserve the effectiveness of all our antibiotics as long as we can."
Reactive arthritis that is due to chlamydia transmission is infection responds to antibiotic therapy. Other infectious causes of the condition do not.
So it is worth checking the synovial fluid of affected joints for evidence of chlamydia polymerase chain reaction (PCR), according to Dr. Atul Deodhar, professor of medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland.
In a recent randomized trial, 6 months of rifampin plus either azithromycin or doxycycline significantly improved outcomes versus placebo in patients with chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Synovial fluid PCRs were positive for chlamydia in all 42 patients (Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1298-307).
The study "has changed my practice. I now send synovial fluid for PCR. I have found several patients" positive for chlamydia, "and we are treating them with antibiotics," Dr. Deodhar said; he also sends urine samples for chlamydia testing.
The primary end point in the study – an improvement of 20% or more in at least four of six variables such as swollen joint count – was achieved by 17 of 27 antibiotic patients (63%) but only 3 of 15 placebo patients (20%). Six patients treated with antibiotics but none of the patients in the placebo group went into complete remission during the trial. Patients on antibiotic were also more likely to clear chlamydia from their joints.
It’s a different story when reactive arthritis is triggered by gastrointestinal pathogens such as salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia. In those cases, "avoid antibiotics," Dr. Deodhar said.
He and his colleagues found antibiotic therapy just didn’t help in a population study of 575 likely reactive arthritis cases among 6,379 people with culture-confirmed GI infections. His team confirmed reactive arthritis in 54 of the 82 (66%) subjects they were able to exam. Enthesitis was the most frequent finding; arthritis was less common (Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2008;67:1689-96).
Some patients had been given antibiotics for their GI infections, others not. It "didn’t really make any difference to patients developing or not developing reactive arthritis or the severity of it. Antibiotics are not going to prevent people with dysentery from developing reactive arthritis," Dr. Deodhar said.
They also found that the presence or absence of human leukocyte antigen B27 did not predict risk. In sporadic reactive arthritis cases, the presence of the antigen is "not actually that important in deciding if someone has or does not have reactive arthritis," he said.
Onset of reactive arthritis comes a few days to a maximum of several weeks following the inducing infection. Asymmetrical mono- or oligoarthritis of the lower extremity is the most common joint finding. Uveitis, dactylitis, and enthesitis are also possible.
Besides antibiotics for chlamydia-induced disease, sulfasalazine and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may help with difficult cases.
Nearly two-thirds of sexually active young women don't get regular chlamydia transmission, a CDC study finds.
That means more than 9 million young American women don't know whether they've been infected, study leader Karen Hoover, MD, MPH, said in a teleconference from this week's National STD Prevention Conference in Minneapolis.
And the odds of being infected are pretty high: Chlamydia is the most common STD, as well as the most common reportable infection in the U.S.
"There were 1.3 million reported cases of chlamydia in 2010, but the CDC believes the actual number is more than twice that -- 2.8 million new cases each year in the U.S.," Gail Bolan, MD, director of STD prevention at the CDC, said at the teleconference.
Among women, nearly 5% of 19-year-olds and more than 1% of 15-year-olds are infected. Men are at least as likely to be infected. But it's women who suffer the most severe consequences. That's because chlamydia infection often is silent -- without symptoms -- until the infection becomes more serious.
Left untreated, 10% to 15% of women will get pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). And up to 15% of those women will be left infertile. And some will die from chlamydia-related ectopic pregnancy.
The CDC recommends an annual chlamydia test for any sexually active woman age 25 and younger. Women over age 25 should get annual tests if they have a new sex partner or have multiple sex partners. Routine screening isn't recommended for men.
When diagnosed, chlamydia is easily treated. But treatment isn't permanent, as Kelly Morrison Opdyke, MPH, and colleagues found in another conference presentation.
Opdyke's Cicatelli Associates Inc. team studied 63,774 people who tested positive for chlamydia from 2007 to 2009. They found that 25% of men and 16% of women have a new chlamydia infection when retested within six months.
And those are just the people who get another test. People who show up for screening tests tend to be healthier than those who don't. Yet only 11% of men and 21% of women got that chlamydia retest in the Opdyke study.
Those who test positive for chlamydia are supposed to get a repeat test three months after treatment. Sex partners should be evaluated and treated as well. Women are at increased risk for reinfection if their sex partners have not been treated appropriately.
Unfortunately, you might not be able to rely on your health care provider to offer you that test.
California Department of Health researcher Holly Howard, MPH, and colleagues studied six of their state's large family planning clinics. They found that only 70% of patients were retested for chlamydia or for gonorrhea, the second most common STD.
When the clinics installed pop-up reminders on patients' computer records -- using existing billing software -- the retesting rate went up to 86%.
To remind patients to ask for chlamydia retests, SUNY Buffalo researcher Gale Burstein, MD, MPH, and colleagues used a simple email system. Four to five weeks after testing positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea, students got an automated email reminder. That was followed by a personal email and, if needed, a telephone call.
What happened? Retest rates for chlamydia went from 16% to 89%.
"We must not only increase chlamydia screening rates but ensure re-testing," Bolan said. "And we must encourage and support individuals' efforts to protect themselves. This may mean abstaining from sex, reducing the number of sex partners, or proper condom use."
The NFL Coins, developed and published by EA is ready for the upcoming season with Tom Brady revealed as the cover athlete as announced by EA sports. He has done a lot of big things for the English patriots, including his recent Super Bowl victory and Madden’s followers from all around the world are aware of his achievements in historic fashion. Leave the ‘Madden curse’ joke aside!
Madden 18 Release Date
The Madden NFL 18 Ultimate Team is going to be released on August 25th, 2017. Brady doesn’t seem to be worried at all about the Madden Curse. If you buy the Madden 18 G.O.A.T Edition you can play it 3 days early on Xbox One or PS4. And if you have EA access you will be lucky enough to play 3 days earlier than the release date.
Madden 18 Features
What’s new? Here’s a glimpse of some of the new features that we are all set to patiently wait for the up and coming Madden 18 Ultimate Team:
● Powered by the Frostbite Engine this time, Madden would be the first game in the series - might look a bit new to some.
● Spectacular and striking new stadium exteriors with vast cityscapes all around and three new play styles with your specifications for each matchup to play. Or just play the real world matchups with Play Now Live!
● Target Passing, coaching adjustments and coverage assignments.
● The Long-shot story mode is going to be introduced by EA this time yet making Madden quite the rage!
● The online team play comeback with the MUT Squads.
We’ve got to see the use of real NCCA teams and Texas and Oregon were also shown in the trailer.
We can also see some flashing new graphics – Madden 17 Vs Madden 18 as promised by EA that you’d see the most photorealistic game this time. And you can buy the cheapest buy now.
The game is already getting some rave reviews from fans who have been following the game updates, watched the trailer and they have marked it as the all new football mayhem which you can buy both online and offline.
The hype seems to be ramping up among both the critics and fans of Madden 18 especially because of ‘Play the Live’ in it!
Madden is good so it’s time to own up to it now! Since, it really has injected a lot of bluster to it that would leave you blown up this season. So grab your Madden coins now!
EA Sports launched a new trailer for Madden NFL 18 while displaying new game modes, traits and many devastating tackles. Madden NFL 18 is to release on 25 August. The latest version to the football video game franchise characterizes the target passing and guarding controls. Players can also take the merits of new wider receiver and defensive back mechanics. There appear the new game modes including competitive, arcade and simulation. Having NFL Coins sale helps gamer resolve many vital needs fast in the gameplay of Madden NFL 18.
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